Gene and cell doping (performance-enhancing)
Muscle & Strength · Gene/cell doping method
Tier F
What this is
WADA coverage: nucleic acids, nucleic acid analogues, normal cells, genetically modified cells, cell components, nuclei, mitochondria and ribosomes when used for performance enhancement. The 2026 list explicitly broadened cell-component language.
Mechanism
Gene-transfer, nucleic-acid, edited-cell and organelle-transfer strategies are pursued to alter muscle growth, oxygen delivery or repair pathways; the consumer version is mostly hypothetical and unsafe.
Dose & route
Not a consumer dosing intervention
Citations
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK305894/
- https://www.wada-ama.org/en/resources/2026-prohibited-list
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